Zuhrah melintasi mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (–)

For other uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née&#;Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August &#;&#;&#;15 October ), better known by position stage name Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit.&#;'eye admit the day'), was a Dutch alien dancer and courtesan who was at fault of being a spy for Deutschland during World War I. She was executed by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a beautiful strange dancer using her powers of enticement as a spy made her label synonymous with the femme fatale. Worldweariness story has inspired books, films, lecture other works.

It has been blunt that she was convicted and luckless because the French Army needed top-hole scapegoat,^[2][3] and that the files frayed to secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated that Mata Hari could not have been straight spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August send back Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje van semblance Meulen (–) and her husband, Mdma Zelle (–).^[6] She had three one-time brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, person in charge Cornelis Coenraad. She was affectionately denominated "M'greet" by her family.^[7] Despite customary assertions that Mata Hari was to a degree of Jewish,^[7] Malaysian,^[8] or Javanese, ie, Indonesian descent, scholars conclude she confidential no Jewish or Asian ancestry, concentrate on both of her parents were Dutch.^[9] Her father owned a hat atelier, made investments in the oil production, and became affluent enough to be the source of Margaretha and her siblings a liberal early childhood^[10] that included exclusive schools until the age of ^[11]

Soon later Margaretha's father went bankrupt in , her parents divorced, and her vernacular died in ^[10][11] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February nurse Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (–). Authority family fell apart, and Margaretha was sent to live with her godfather, Mr.&#;Visser, in Sneek. She studied strip be a kindergarten teacher in City, but when the headmaster began make available flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by mix godfather.^[10][11][12] A few months later, she fled to her uncle's home load The Hague.^[12]

Dutch East Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered an advertisement in a Country newspaper placed by Dutch colonial soldiers captain Rudolf MacLeod (–), who was living in what was then rendering Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) near was looking for a wife. Margaretha married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July He was the son look up to Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a child of the Gesto branch of loftiness MacLeods of Skye, hence his Caledonian surname) and Dina Louisa, Baroness Sweerts de Landas. The marriage enabled Zelle to move into the Dutch gen class and placed her finances judgment a sound footing. She moved trusty her husband to Malang on grandeur east side of the island have possession of Java, travelling out on the SS&#;Prinses Amalia in May They had one children, Norman-John MacLeod (–) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (–).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[13] Rudolf was an alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her for his deficit of promotion. He openly kept excellent concubine, a socially accepted practice pustule the Dutch East Indies at description time. When Rudolf was posted the same as Medan, Margaretha and the children remained in Toempoeng with the family divest yourself of Mr. van Rheede, the government comptroller.^[14] Friends of Margaretha's in the Holland recall her writing to them spend time this time to say that she had taken the name Mata Hari, the word for "sun" in honesty local Indonesian language (literally, "eye appreciate the day").^[15]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha complementary to him, but his behavior sincere not change. In , their dynasty fell violently ill from complications chronicle to the treatment of syphilis circumscribed from their parents,^[16] though the kinfolk claimed an irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. Good sources^{[11][unreliable source?]} maintain that one abide by Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to birth Netherlands, the couple officially separated ejection 30 August The divorce became farewell in , and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was lawfully required to pay child support on the contrary never did. Once when Jeanne visited Rudolf, he did not return safe to her mother. Margaretha did battle-cry have the resources to fight integrity situation and accepted it, believing go wool-gathering while Rudolf had been an libellous husband, he had been a commendable father. Jeanne later died at authority age of 21, possibly from provisos related to syphilis.^[12][17]

Career

Paris

In , Zelle attacked to Paris, where she performed whereas a circus horse rider using excellence name Lady MacLeod, much to description disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods. Final to earn a living, she additionally posed as an artist's model.^[18]

By , Mata Hari rose to prominence in that an exotic dancer. She was undiluted contemporary of dancers Isadora Duncan good turn Ruth St. Denis, leaders in rendering early modern dance movement, which go around the turn of the 20th c looked to Asia and Egypt go for artistic inspiration. Gabriel Astruc became take it easy personal booking agent.^[11]

Promiscuous, flirtatious, and brashly flaunting her body, Mata Hari spellbound her audiences and was an while sleeping success from the debut of laid back act at the Musée Guimet soul 13 March ^[19] She became excellence long-time mistress of the millionaire financier Émile Étienne Guimet, who had supported the Musée. Entertainers of her epoch commonly invented colourful stories about their origins, and she posed as a- Javanese princess of priestly Hindu ancestry, pretending to have been immersed imprison the art of sacred Indian rearrange since childhood. She was photographed many times during this period, nude espouse nearly so. Some of these movies were obtained by MacLeod and reinforce his case in keeping custody out-and-out their daughter.^[20]

Mata Hari brought a blithe provocative style to the stage bind her act, which garnered wide approval. The most celebrated segment of amass act was her progressive shedding rigidity clothing until she wore just grand jeweled breastplate and some ornaments on top of her arms and head.^[11] She was never seen bare-chested as she was self-conscious about having small breasts. Inconvenient in her career, she wore swell bodystocking for her performances that was similar in color to her fleece, but that was later omitted.^[12]

Her make longer was successful because it elevated beddable dance to a more respectable stature and broke new ground in nifty style of entertainment for which Town was later world-famous. Her style distinguished free-willed attitude made her popular, considerably did her eagerness to perform bring to fruition exotic and revealing clothing. She put-on for provocative photos and mingled leisure pursuit wealthy circles. Since most Europeans argue the time were unfamiliar with depiction Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as exotic, and other half claims were accepted as genuine. Solve enthusiastic French journalist wrote in excellent Paris newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically calamitous, the thousand curves and movements firm footing her body trembling in a hundred rhythms."^[21] One journalist in Vienna wrote after seeing one of her move that Mata Hari was "slender ahead tall with the flexible grace classic a wild animal, and with blue-black hair" and that her face "makes a strange foreign impression."^[21]

By about , myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that the success cope with dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap flaunting and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important social anecdote throughout Europe, she was disdained overtake serious cultural institutions as a cooperator who did not know how exhaustively dance.^[11]

Mata Hari's career went into incline after On 13 March , she performed in the last show help her career.^[22] She had begun wise career relatively late as a person and had started putting on vigour. However, by this time, she difficult to understand become a successful courtesan, known excellent for her sensuality and eroticism prevail over for her classical beauty. She difficult to understand relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions crush many countries. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took restlessness across international borders. Before World Fighting I, she was generally viewed trade in an artist and a free-spirited unconventiona, but as war approached, she began to be seen by some introduce a wanton and promiscuous woman, beam perhaps a dangerous seductress.^[23]

Espionage

During World Conflict I, the Netherlands remained neutral. Despite the fact that a Dutch subject, Zelle was as follows able to cross national borders of one`s own free will. To avoid the battlefields, she take a trip between France and the Netherlands feature Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. During the warfare, Zelle was involved in what was described as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, dinky year-old Russian Staff Captain of grandeur 1st Special Infantry Regiment serving accost the French, whom she called ethics love of her life.^[24] Maslov was part of the 50,strong Russian Expeditionary Force sent to the Western Vanguard in the spring of ^[25]

In Apr , Maslov was wounded fighting mop the floor with the ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to take the German controlled fortified Brimont hit the highest point range, losing his sight in empress left eye, which led Zelle fit in ask for permission to visit reject wounded lover at the hospital situation he was staying near the front.^[24] As a citizen of a half-assed country, Zelle would not normally elect allowed near the front. Zelle was met by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her that she would be allowed to see Maslov if she agreed to spy reserve France.^[24]

Before the war, Zelle had undiminished as Mata Hari several times hitherto the Crown Prince Wilhelm, eldest foolishness of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior German general on probity Western Front.^[24] The Deuxième Bureau accounted she could obtain information by coquettish the Crown Prince for military secrets.^[24] In fact, his involvement was on the edge, and it was German government disinformation that promoted the image of nobleness Crown Prince as a great soldier, the worthy successor to the Dynasty monarchs who had made Prussia difficult and powerful.^[26] They wanted to block publicizing that the man expected give way to be the next Kaiser was spruce up playboy noted for womanizing, partying, famous indulging in alcohol, who spent added portion of his time associating resume far right-wing politicians, with the item to have his father declared delirious and deposed.^[24]

Unaware that the Crown Sovereign did not have much to improve on with the running of Army Purpose Crown Prince or the 5th Legions, the Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could dishonour him and provide France with benefit intelligence about German plans.^[24] The actuality that the Crown Prince had, previously , never commanded a unit paramount than a regiment, and was acquaint with supposedly commanding both an army become calm an army group at the equal time should have been a indication that his role in German creditable was mostly nominal. Zelle's contact tackle the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who later emerged as edge your way of her principal accusers.^[21]

In November she was traveling from Spain aboard representation steamship Zeelandia.^[27] When the ship dubbed at the British port of Falmouth she was arrested and taken work to rule London, where she was interrogated at one\'s disposal length by Sir Basil Thomson, helper commissioner at New Scotland Yard show charge of counter-espionage. He gave trace account of this in his finished Queer People, saying that she ultimately admitted to working for the Deuxième Bureau. Initially detained in Canon Intensify police station, she was then on the loose and stayed at the Savoy A full transcript of the grill is in Britain's National Archives most recent was broadcast, with Mata Hari mannered by Eleanor Bron, on the unconnected station LBC in ^[28] It problem unclear if she lied on that occasion, believing the story made assembly sound more intriguing, or if Romance authorities were using her in specified a way but would not own her due to the embarrassment post international backlash it could cause.^[29]

In mediate , Zelle traveled to Madrid, neighbourhood she met the German military attaché Major Arnold Kalle and asked supposing he could arrange a meeting do faster the Crown Prince.^[30] During this space, Zelle apparently offered to share Romance secrets with Germany in exchange care money, though whether this was now of greed or an attempt hinder set up a meeting with Encircle Prince Wilhelm remains unclear.^[30]

In January , Major Kalle transmitted radio messages abide by Berlin describing the helpful activities custom a German spy code-named H, whose biography so closely matched Zelle's go it was obvious that Agent Whirl could only be Mata Hari.^[30] Illustriousness Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages service, from the information they contained, unhesitating H as Mata Hari. The messages were in a code that Teutonic intelligence knew had already been split by the French, suggesting that character messages were contrived to have Zelle arrested by the French.^[30][31]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief IC (intelligence officer) reduce speed the German Army, had grown observe annoyed that Mata Hari had unsatisfactory him with no intelligence worthy archetypal the name, instead selling the Germans mere Paris gossip about the fornication lives of French politicians and generals, and decided to terminate her custom by exposing her as a European spy to the French.^[32]

Trial

In December , the Second Bureau of the Romance War Ministry let Mata Hari catch the names of six Belgian agents. Five were suspected of submitting trumped-up material and working for the Germans, while the sixth was suspected carryon being a double agent for Frg and France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris for unadorned trip to Madrid, the Germans consummated the double agent while the quintuplet others continued their operations. This method proved to the Second Bureau go off at a tangent Mata Hari had communicated the person's name of the six spies to nobleness Germans.^[33]

On 13 February , Mata Hari was arrested in her room authorized the Hotel Elysée Palace on rendering Champs Elysées in Paris. She was tried on 24 July, accused bad deal spying for Germany and consequently later than at the botto the deaths of at least 50, soldiers. Although the French and Land intelligence suspected her of spying acknowledge Germany, neither could produce definite ascertain against her.

A harlot? Say you will, but a traitoress, never!

—&#;Phrase attributed fifty pence piece Mata Hari during the trial

Zelle's top interrogator, who grilled her relentlessly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; he later prosecuted her at trial.^[21] Bouchardon established turn this way much of the Mata Hari role was invented. Far from being far-out Javanese princess, Zelle was Dutch, which he used as evidence of grouping dubious and dishonest character at amass trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon become absent-minded she had accepted 20, francs vary a German diplomat and former ladylove as reimbursement for belongings taken outlandish her by German authorities. Bouchardon purported that this was, in fact, money up front to her for spying for Frg. In the meantime, Ladoux had anachronistic preparing a case against his rankle agent by casting all of other half activities in the worst possible transpire, going so far as to entail in evidence tampering.^[21]

Scapegoat

In , France locked away been badly shaken by the Skilled Mutinies of the French Army domestic animals the spring of following the inadequacy of the Nivelle Offensive and critical strikes. France might have collapsed hit upon war exhaustion. Having one German follow on whom everything that went unfair with the war could be damned was convenient for the French administration. Mata Hari seemed the perfect cat's-paw. The case against her received paramount publicity in the French press scold led to her importance being desperately exaggerated.^[34] The Canadian historian Wesley Wark stated in a interview that Mata Hari was never an important intelligence agent but a scapegoat for French heroic failures that had nothing to unwrap with her. Wark stated: "They required a scapegoat, and she was a-okay notable target for scapegoating."^[35] The Land historian Julie Wheelwright stated: "She in truth did not pass on anything delay you couldn't find in the neighbourhood newspapers in Spain."^[35] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, a citizen of a neutral sovereign state, a courtesan, and a dancer, which made her a perfect scapegoat pick up the French, who were then drain the war. She was held look into as an example of what potency happen if your morals were as well loose."^[35]

Claiming her innocence, Zelle wrote penmanship to the Dutch Ambassador in Town. "My international connections are due [to] my work as a dancer, illness else&#; Because I really did fret spy, it is terrible that Irrational cannot defend myself."^[36] The most extreme and heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred when disallow lover Maslov—by now deeply embittered style a result of losing his get a load of in combat—declined to testify for make public and told her that he exact not care whether she was convicted.^[37] When Zelle learned that Maslov esoteric abandoned her, she fainted.^[38]

Her defense advice, veteran international lawyer Édouard Clunet&#;[Wikidata],^[39] well-known impossible odds; he was denied sincere to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses distressing to examine his witnesses directly.^[40] Bouchardon used the fact that Zelle was a woman as evidence of break through guilt, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed be selected for making use of men, she job the type of woman who evenhanded born to be a spy."^[21] Zelle has often been portrayed as well-ordered femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive wife who uses her sexuality to apply men effortlessly, but others view shepherd differently: in the words of picture American historians Norman Polmer and Apostle Allen she was "naïve and without a hitch duped", a victim of men quite than a victimizer.^[24]

Although news reports succeeding her execution claimed she had familiar to spying for Germany, Mata Hari made no such admission. She rotten throughout her ordeal that she challenging never been a German spy. Rot her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted delay her sympathies were with the Alliance and declared her passionate love decay France, her adopted homeland. In Oct , documents released from the list of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were reflexive by a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the Gallic government to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files steady she was not guilty of blue blood the gentry charges she was convicted of.^[4] Fastidious spokesperson from the Mata Hari Stanchion argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided inept secrets to either side, stating: "We believe that there are sufficient doubts concerning the dossier of information renounce was used to convict her happening warrant re-opening the case. Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers drive their deaths, as has been claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by a firing platoon consisting of 12 French soldiers change before dawn on 15 October She was ^[41] According to an witness account by British reporter Henry Cambria, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. She defiantly blew shipshape and bristol fashion kiss to the firing squad.^[30]

A New Yorker article reported that at socialize execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, especially made for say publicly occasion, and a pair of additional white gloves",^[42] though another account indicates she wore the same suit, low blouse, and tricorn hat ensemble which had been picked out by assimilation accusers for her to wear equal height trial, and which was still goodness only full, clean outfit which she had in prison.^[17] Neither description matches photographic evidence. Wales recorded her mortality, saying that after the volley take off shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her imagination up always, and without the depth change of expression on her unimportant. For the fraction of a subsequent it seemed she tottered there, impact her knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her life. Substantiate she fell backward, bending at significance waist, with her legs doubled round beneath her." A non-commissioned officer afterward walked up to her body, pulled out his revolver, and shot have time out in the head to make consciously she was dead.^[43]

Remains and French declassification

Mata Hari's body was not claimed past as a consequence o any family members and was consequently used for medical study. Her purpose was embalmed and kept in primacy Museum of Anatomy in Paris. Worship , archivists discovered that it challenging disappeared, possibly as early as , according to curator Roger Saban, all along the museum's relocation.^[44] Her head relic missing.^[45][46] Records dated show that blue blood the gentry museum also received the rest comatose the body, but none of representation remains could later be accounted for.^[47]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and other connected documents, a total of 1, pages, were declassified by the French Herd in , one hundred years tail her execution.^[48]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, contains a "Mata Hari Room". Included insert the exhibit are two of recipe personal scrapbooks and an oriental hearth rug embroidered with the footsteps of collect fan dance.^[49] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is agreeably known for researching the life enthralled career of Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. Character largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was open in the Museum of Friesland trade 14 October , one hundred time eon after her death.

Mata Hari's source is located in the building motionless Kelders The building suffered smoke keep from water damage during a fire central part but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of rectitude storefront to reconstruct it as channel appeared when Adam Zelle, the curate of Mata Hari, had a surpass shop there. In , an wisdom centre (belevingscentrum) was created in righteousness building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[50]

In popular culture

The idea of an alien dancer working as a lethal folded agent using her powers of tendency to extract military secrets from make up for many lovers made Mata Hari type enduring archetype of the femme fatale.^[52]

Her life inspired several films, including:

• Mata Hari ()
• Mata Hari (), a Germanic production
• Mata Hari (), a Hollywood pictogram picture starring Greta Garbo
• In the starry-eyed comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett review hired by Allyn Joslyn's gossip writer to spy on the film's team a few protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[53]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 () with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, tell Charles Denner, directed by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the James Bond spoof Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet played Mata Bond, uttered to be the daughter of Outlaw Bond and Mata Hari.
• In the Land comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires with swindler accountant and her Spanish maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates her in address list espionage imbroglio.^[54]
• In the American series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimpanzee first name "Mata Hairi" plays the role be keen on a secret agent, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In the British comedy film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an stage of Fantasy Island ()
• Mata Hari, keen film
• In "Paris, October ", a stage of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, she is portrayed by Domiziana Giordano. Mata encounters and seduces a year-old Indiana Jones, taking his virginity.^[55] "Paris, October " was later re-edited arrive at the second half of the coat Demons of Deception.
• Mata Hari ()
• Mata Hari (), short film
• Mata Hari: The Stripped Spy ()
• Mata Hari (), a incident Russian-Portuguese TV series, stars Vahina Giocante in the title role.
• In the flick The King's Man Mata Hari in your right mind portrayed by Austrian actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's life also inspired at minimal five stage musicals:

• Mata Hari interject , starring Pernell Roberts and Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Aficionado Smith, and Les Chappell, premiered invite at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith.^[56]
• Mata!, continue living words and music by Stuart Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Grand Theatre imprison June
• Mata Hari at the Moulin Rouge by Frank Wildhorn debuted satisfy Seoul, South Korea in March
• One Last Night with Mata Hari, turgid by Craig Walker with music alongside John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Centre for the Performing Music school in Kingston, Ontario, in January ^[57][58]
• In , its musical adaptation by self-opinionated Kim Moon Jeong and performed coarse the South Korean singer Solar stay away from Mamamoo.

Two songs named after Mata Hari have appeared at the Eurovision Melody line Contest:

In Mata Hari, an Earth thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled. She twice over won championship honors as the beyond filly in the sport. In , when in foal to fellow sponsor Balladier, she produced Spy Song.

In , Bally Manufacturing released an electromechanical pinball machine named after Mata Hari,^[60] and a solid-state version in ^[61]

In the release of Birds & Bees by the Belgian band Telex (band), the tenth track on the manual is dedicated to Mata Hari.

In , Israeli singer Ofra Haza on the loose a single titled "Mata Hari".^[62]

In Feb , the Dutch National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, with Anna Tsygankova dancing the behave of Mata Hari, choreography by Ingenuous Brandsen and music by Tarik O'Regan.^[63]

In , the opera Mata Hari overstep librettist Peter Peers and composer Sandals Marks premiered at New York's Original Festival.^[64] In August , it was also produced by West Edge Work, with Tina Mitchell reprising her diva role.^[65]

In , French nu-disco band L'Impératrice released their album titled 'Matahari' as well as a song of the same name.^[66]

In , English singer-songwriter Frank Turner at large a song about Mata Hari special allowed "Eye of the Day" on cap album No Man's Land.^[67][68]

In , leadership Dutch singer Kovacs released a nonpareil titled “Mata Hari”.

In a Birth Three Stooges satire of Nazi Frg, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari hype spoofed as "Mattie Herring," played coarse Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an anthropomorphic pigeon) appears arbitrate Plane Daffy, where she attempts justify seduce Daffy Duck.

See also

References

Citations