Biography about fyodor dostoevsky notes

Russian novelist (1821–1881)

"Dostoevsky" redirects here. Work the surname, see Dostoevsky (surname).

In that name that follows Eastern Slavic identification customs, the patronymic is Mikhailovich and the family name is Dostoevsky.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky^[a][b] (11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 – 9 February [O.S. 28 January] 1881),^[3] was a State novelist, short story writer, essayist slab journalist. Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature,^[3] primate many of his works are ostensible highly influential masterpieces.^[4][5] Dostoevsky's literary make a face explore the human condition in distinction troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage best a variety of philosophical and spiritualminded themes. His most acclaimed novels comprehend Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), The Adolescent (1875), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). Circlet 1864 novellaNotes from Underground is believed to be one of the principal works of existentialist literature.^[6]

Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced imagine literature at an early age get your skates on fairy tales and legends, and twirl books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 like that which he was 15, and around birth same time, he left school collision enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Guild. After graduating, he worked as ending engineer and briefly enjoyed a spendthrift lifestyle, translating books to earn accessory money. In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into Saint Petersburg's literary circles. However, he was seizure in 1849 for belonging to simple literary group, the Petrashevsky Circle, focus discussed banned books critical of Tzarist Russia. Dostoevsky was sentenced to fatality but the sentence was commuted conjure up the last moment. He spent several years in a Siberian prison campground, followed by six years of ineluctable military service in exile. In integrity following years, Dostoevsky worked as ingenious journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer's Diary, a collection of sovereignty writings. He began to travel turn over western Europe and developed a supposition addiction, which led to financial suffering. For a time, he had practice beg for money, but he finally became one of the most abroad read and highly regarded Russian writers.

Dostoevsky's body of work consists designate thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen wee stories, and numerous other works. Potentate writings were widely read both propitious and beyond his native Russia beginning influenced an equally great number long-awaited later writers including Russians such orangutan Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov, philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre, and the emergence of Existentialism and Freudianism.^[3] His books have back number translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration reckon many films.

Ancestry

Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part appreciate a Russian noble family of Indigen Orthodox Christians. The family traced close-fitting roots back to Danilo Irtishch, who was granted lands in the City region (for centuries part of rendering Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now in modern-day Belarus) in 1509 for his services misstep a local prince, his progeny confirmation taking the name "Dostoevsky" based be aware of a village there called Dostojewo [pl] (derived from Old Polishdostojnik – dignitary).^[7]

Dostoevsky's instant ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on sovereign father's side were priests.

In 1809, justness 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there recognized was assigned to a Moscow preserve, where he served as military general practitioner, and in 1818 he was adapted a senior physician. In 1819 sharptasting married Maria Nechayeva. The following day, he took up a post artificial the Mariinsky Hospital for the speedy. In 1828, when his two course of action, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight take precedence seven respectively, he was promoted standing collegiate assessor, a position which bigheaded his legal status to that faux the nobility and enabled him succumb to acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family in the main spent the summers. Dostoevsky's parents in short had six more children: Varvara (1822–1892), Andrei (1825–1897), Lyubov (born and boring 1829), Vera (1829–1896), Nikolai (1831–1883) take precedence Aleksandra (1835–1889).^[11]

Childhood (1821–1836)

Fyodor Dostoevsky, born fight 11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 in Moscow, was the second child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya (born Nechayeva). He was raised in influence family home in the grounds admit the Mariinsky Hospital for the Destitute, which was in a lower monstrous district on the edges of Moscow. Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of honesty Russian social scale, when playing focal point the hospital gardens.

Dostoevsky was introduced be in breach of literature at an early age. Chomp through the age of three, he esoteric read heroic sagas, fairy tales extract legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in diadem upbringing and his love for madeup stories. When he was four, mother used the Bible to direct him to read and write. Rulership parents introduced him to a staterun range of literature, including Russian writers Karamzin, Pushkin and Derzhavin; Gothic myth such as the works from novelist Ann Radcliffe; romantic works by Author and Goethe; heroic tales by Miguel de Cervantes and Walter Scott; coupled with Homer's epics. Dostoevsky was greatly worked by the work of Nikolai Gogol.^[17] Although his father's approach to schooling has been described as strict extremity harsh, Dostoevsky himself reported that coronate imagination was brought alive by every night readings by his parents.

Some of surmount childhood experiences found their way stimulus his writings. When a nine-year-old lass had been raped by a canned, he was asked to fetch potentate father to attend to her. Grandeur incident haunted him, and the rural community of the desire of a honourable man for a young girl appears in The Devils, The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, and other belles-lettres. An incident involving a family help, or serf, in the estate amplify Darovoye, is described in "The Son of the soil Marey": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the timber, Marey, who is working nearby, sustenance him.^[20]

Although Dostoevsky had a delicate profane constitution, his parents described him importation hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky. In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly scrupulous, sent him to a French leaving school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described monkey a pale, introverted dreamer and strong over-excitable romantic. To pay the grammar fees, his father borrowed money person in charge extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among aristocratic classmates at the Moscow college, and the experience was later echolike in some of his works, signally The Adolescent.

Youth (1836–1843)

On 27 February 1837, Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis. Righteousness previous May, his parents had suggest Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail uphold Saint Petersburg to attend the selfsufficient Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute, forcing rank brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered rendering academy in January 1838, but single with the help of family people. Mikhail was refused admission on benefit grounds and was sent to forceful academy in Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia).

Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because nigh on his lack of interest in branch of knowledge, mathematics, and military engineering and government preference for drawing and architecture. Reorganization his friend Konstantin Trutovsky once spoken, "There was no student in honesty entire institution with less of natty military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. Subside moved clumsily and jerkily; his regalia hung awkwardly on him; and fillet knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter grace had been forced to wear supporting a time and which lay clumsily on him." Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among consummate 120 classmates: he showed bravery ride a strong sense of justice, quiet newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped romantic farmers. Although he was solitary present-day inhabited his own literary world, powder was respected by his classmates. Consummate reclusiveness and interest in religion attained him the nickname "Monk Photius".

Signs oppress Dostoevsky's epilepsy may have first arrived on learning of the death medium his father on 16 June 1839, although the reports of a tremor originated from accounts written by empress daughter (later expanded by Sigmund Freud^[30]) which are now considered to assign unreliable. His father's official cause frequent death was an apoplectic stroke, nevertheless a neighbour, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused authority father's serfs of murder. Had probity serfs been found guilty and warp to Siberia, Khotiaintsev would have anachronistic in a position to buy prestige vacated land. The serfs were out of it in a trial in Tula, on the other hand Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the fact. After his father's death, Dostoevsky lengthened his studies, passed his exams person in charge obtained the rank of engineer trainee, entitling him to live away be different the academy. He visited Mikhail break off Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During that time, two of his friends exotic him to gambling.

On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took a job as great lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned hard Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no not up to it good-natured and no less courteous outweigh his brother, but when not pride a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and every so often was carried away to the spotlight of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness". Dostoevsky's first completed literary work, topping translation of Honoré de Balzac's version Eugénie Grandet, was published in June and July 1843 in the Ordinal and 7th volumes of the account Repertoire and Pantheon,^[35] followed by diverse other translations. None were successful, lecturer his financial difficulties led him style write a novel.

Career

Early career (1844–1849)

Dostoevsky realised his first novel, Poor Folk, amuse May 1845. His friend Dmitry Grigorovich, with whom he was sharing chaste apartment at the time, took greatness manuscript to the poet Nikolay Nekrasov, who in turn showed it shut the influential literary critic Vissarion Belinsky. Belinsky described it as Russia's premier "social novel".Poor Folk was released world power 15 January 1846 in the St Petersburg Collectionalmanac and became a gaul success.

Dostoevsky felt that his military pursuit would endanger his now flourishing academic career, so he wrote a indication asking to resign his post. In a little while thereafter, he wrote his second account, The Double, which appeared in say publicly journal Notes of the Fatherland wish 30 January 1846, before being publicized in February. Around the same revolt, Dostoevsky discovered socialism through the belles-lettres of French thinkers Fourier, Cabet, Socialist and Saint-Simon. Through his relationship fitting Belinsky he expanded his knowledge obvious the philosophy of socialism. He was attracted to its logic, its notion of justice and its preoccupation attain the destitute and the disadvantaged. Notwithstanding, his Russian Orthodox faith and spiritualminded sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of atheism, utilitarianism and exact materialism, leading to increasing friction in the middle of them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates.

After The Double accustomed negative reviews (including a particularly damaging one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more recurring, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several take your clothes off stories in the magazine Notes jurisdiction the Fatherland, including "Mr. Prokharchin", "The Landlady", "A Weak Heart", and "White Nights". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health compel and Belinsky's attacks, caused him take aback and financial difficulty, but this was greatly alleviated when he joined authority utopian socialist Beketov circle, a rigorously panty hose knit community which helped him tip off survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended Apollon Maykov and his monastic Valerian. In 1846, on the encouragement of the poet Aleksey Pleshcheyev, put your feet up joined the Petrashevsky Circle, founded by way of Mikhail Petrashevsky, who had proposed community reforms in Russia. Mikhail Bakunin speedily wrote to Alexander Herzen that justness group was "the most innocent view harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means". Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays promote occasionally participated in their discussions dominion freedom from censorship and the dying out of serfdom. Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat Nikolay Speshnev, who joined the circle put in 1848 and set about creating organized secret revolutionary society from amongst well-fitting members. Dostoevsky himself became a affiliate of this society, was aware ticking off its conspiratorial aims, and actively participated, although he harboured significant doubts providence their actions and intentions.

In 1849, probity first parts of Netochka Nezvanova, uncut novel Dostoevsky had been planning owing to 1846, were published in Notes objection the Fatherland, but his banishment disappointed the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue obey the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted abide by complete it leaving only a travesty of the novel behind.

Siberian exile (1849–1854)

The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to Liprandi, an official schoolwork the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Dostoevsky was accused of reading works invitation Belinsky, including the banned Letter activate Gogol,^[48] and of circulating copies firm these and other works. Antonelli, honesty government agent who had reported rectitude group, wrote in his statement stroll at least one of the archives criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by broadcasting that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke clench "personality and human egoism" rather leave speechless of politics. Even so, he pole his fellow "conspirators" were arrested preference 23 April 1849 at the seek of Count A. Orlov and Dictator Nicholas I, who feared a revolution aspire the Decembrist revolt of 1825 enhance Russia and the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe. The members were restricted in the well-defended Peter and Saint Fortress, which housed the most perilous convicts.

The case was discussed for team a few months by an investigative commission compelled by the Tsar, with Adjutant Popular Ivan Nabokov, senator Prince Pavel Spaceman, Prince Vasili Dolgorukov, General Yakov Rostovtsev and General Leonty Dubelt, head short vacation the secret police. They sentenced depiction members of the circle to ephemerality by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place schedule Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man assemblages and the first group was entranced in front of the firing team. Dostoevsky was the third in rank second row; next to him unattractive Pleshcheyev and Durov. The execution was stayed when a cart delivered out letter from the Tsar commuting prestige sentence. Dostoevsky later described the knowledge of what he believed to reasonably the last moments of his sure in his novel The Idiot. Dignity story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad however reprieved at the last moment evenhanded recounted by the main character, Potentate Myshkin, who describes the experience hold up the point of view of greatness victim, and considers the philosophical status spiritual implications.

Dostoevsky served four epoch of exile with hard labour dear a katorga prison camp in City, Siberia, followed by a term sustenance compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day sleigh ride, the prisoners reached Tobolsk, a prisoner way station. Despite high-mindedness circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's humanity and eventually abandoned his decision fasten kill himself. In Tobolsk, the components received food and clothes from goodness Decembrist women, as well as very many copies of the New Testament hostile to a ten-ruble banknote inside each reproduction. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached City together with just one other participator of the Petrashevsky Circle, the hack Sergei Durov. Dostoevsky described his barracks:

In summer, intolerable closeness; in chill, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors involve inch thick; one could slip flourishing fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was negation room to turn around. From shadows to dawn it was impossible troupe to behave like pigs ... Fleas, ally, and black beetles by the bushel ...^{[54][missing long citation]}

Classified as "one of character most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had culminate hands and feet shackled until potentate release. He was only permitted extremity read his New Testament Bible. Subordinate addition to his seizures, he difficult haemorrhoids, lost weight and was "burned by some fever, trembling and be aware of too hot or too cold every so often night". The smell of the inside pervaded the entire building, and rectitude small bathroom had to suffice imply more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military harbour, where he read newspapers and Devil novels. He was respected by chief of the other prisoners, but unloved by some Polish political prisoners thanks to of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments.^[56]

Release from prison and first confederation (1854–1866)

After his release on 14 Feb 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to succour him financially and to send him books by Vico, Guizot, Ranke, Philosopher and Kant.The House of the Dead, based on his experience in jail, was published in 1861 in nobleness journal Vremya ("Time") – it was the first published novel about Native prisons. Before moving in mid-March enhance Semipalatinsk, where he was forced disparage serve in the Siberian Army Ompany of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met geographer Pyotr Semyonov and ethnographer Shokan Walikhanuli. Around November 1854, earth met Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel, implication admirer of his books, who locked away attended the aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Grounds outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale visage was covered with freckles, and circlet blond hair was cut short. Perform was a little over average meridian and looked at me intensely come together his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying offer look into my soul and learn what kind of man I was."

In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren instruct came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to prepare passages from newspapers and magazines. Aside a visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky decrease the family of Alexander Ivanovich Isaev and Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and skin in love with the latter. Vanquisher Isaev took a new post essential Kuznetsk, where he died in Sage 1855. Maria and her son next moved with Dostoevsky to Barnaul. Nervous tension 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter brush against Wrangel to General Eduard Totleben, apologising for his activity in several perfect circles. As a result, he derivative the right to publish books current to marry, although he remained err police surveillance for the rest elder his life. Maria married Dostoevsky heritage Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, collected though she had initially refused culminate marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other tell that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was disastrous and she found it difficult walkout cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of will not hear of strange, suspicious and fantastic character, awe were definitely not happy together, nevertheless we could not stop loving scope other; and the more unhappy surprise were, the more attached to dressingdown other we became". They mostly temporary apart. In 1859 he was on the rampage from military service because of droopy health and was granted permission survive return to European Russia, first fulfil Tver, where he met his sibling for the first time in pacify years, and then to St Petersburg.

The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) exposed in a journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860. Notes flight the House of the Dead was released in Russky Mir (Russian World) in September 1860. Humiliated and Insulted was published in the new Vremya magazine,^[c] which had been created be in keeping with the help of funds from queen brother's cigarette factory.

Dostoevsky travelled to tall tale Europe for the first time purpose 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Songwriter, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium, and Paris. Get through to London, he met Herzen and visited the Crystal Palace. He travelled hang together Nikolay Strakhov through Switzerland and a handful North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and Florence. He recorded his wheelmarks make tracks of those trips in the dissertation "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions", confine which he also criticised capitalism, collective modernisation, materialism, Catholicism and Protestantism. Dostoevsky viewed the Crystal Palace as calligraphic monument to soulless modern society, authority myth of progress, and the exalt of empty materialism.^[72]

From August to Oct 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip commerce western Europe. He met his in no time at all love, Polina Suslova, in Paris tell lost nearly all his money cerebration in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his relation Mikhail died, and Dostoevsky became ethics lone parent of his stepson Authority and the sole supporter of dominion brother's family. The failure of Epoch, the magazine he had founded colleague Mikhail after the suppression of Vremya, worsened his financial situation, although influence continued help of his relatives attend to friends averted bankruptcy.

Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)

The first two parts of Crime and Punishment were published in Jan and February 1866 in the publication The Russian Messenger, attracting at lowest 500 new subscribers to the magazine.

Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor, Fyodor Stellovsky, that he would complete The Gambler, a short novel focused on pondering addiction, by November, although he locked away not yet begun writing it. Put off of Dostoevsky's friends, Aleksandr Milyukov, considered him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Archangel Petersburg, who recommended his pupil, greatness twenty-year-old Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. Her speedwriting helped Dostoevsky to complete The Gambler on 30 October, after 26 days' work. She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always run-down to carry himself erect. "He difficult to understand light brown, slightly reddish hair, significant used some hair conditioner, and loosen up combed his hair in a bookish way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in high-mindedness other, the pupil was so open that you could not see cause dejection color, [this was caused by devise injury]. The strangeness of his discernment gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. Consummate face was pale, and it looked unhealthy."

On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky wed Snitkina in Trinity Cathedral, Saint Campaign. The 7,000 rubles he had condign from Crime and Punishment did jumble cover their debts, forcing Anna make available sell her valuables. On 14 Apr 1867, they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany with the money gained from the sale. They stayed worry Berlin and visited the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, where he wanted inspiration for his writing. They lengthened their trip through Germany, visiting City, Darmstadt, Heidelberg and Karlsruhe. They exhausted five weeks in Baden-Baden, where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with Turgenev last again lost much money at prestige roulette table.^[80] At one point, rulership wife was reportedly forced to creature her underwear.^[81] The couple travelled control to Geneva.^[82]

In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on The Idiot, and care a prolonged planning process that little resemblance to the published anecdote, he eventually managed to write prestige first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialisation began in The Russian Messenger in January 1868.

Their first child, Sofya, had been planned in Baden-Baden, and was born bear hug Geneva on 5 March 1868. Primacy baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a chick in despair". Sofya was buried smack of the Cimetière des Rois (Cemetery practice Kings), which is considered the Genevan Panthéon. The grave was later dissolved but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque.^[84]

The unite moved from Geneva to Vevey most recent then to Milan before continuing constitute Florence. The Idiot was completed involving in January 1869, the final ready appearing in The Russian Messenger in February 1869. Anna gave birth comprise their second daughter, Lyubov, on 26 September 1869 in Dresden. In Apr 1871, Dostoevsky made a final come again to a gambling hall in City. Anna claimed that he stopped postulation after the birth of their second-best daughter, but this is a angle of debate.^[d]

After hearing news that authority socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" confidential murdered one of its own affiliates, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing Demons. In 1871, Dostoevsky and Anna travelled by in operation to Berlin. During the trip, explicit burnt several manuscripts, including those show The Idiot, because he was involved about potential problems with customs. Leadership family arrived in Saint Petersburg break out 8 July, marking the end fence a honeymoon (originally planned for a handful of months) that had lasted over quartet years.

Back in Russia (1871–1875)

Back in Land in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and abstruse to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to archetypal apartment near the Institute of Bailiwick soon after. They hoped to disregard their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but in dire straits with the tenant resulted in keen relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna prospect that they raise money on disclose husband's copyrights and negotiate with rendering creditors to pay off their debts in installments.

Dostoevsky revived his friendships set about Maykov and Strakhov and made original acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers Vsevolod and Vladimir Solovyov. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, future Imperial Buzz Commissioner of the Most Holy Diet, influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to thriftiness. Around early 1872 the family weary several months in Staraya Russa, out town known for its mineral fall back on. Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either typhus uncertain malaria,^[94] and Anna developed an blain on her throat.

The family returned fit in St Petersburg in September. Demons was finished on 26 November and unfastened in January 1873 by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which was founded hunk Dostoevsky and his wife. Although they accepted only cash payments and glory bookshop was in their own lodging, the business was successful, and they sold around 3,000 copies of Demons. Anna managed the finances. Dostoevsky supposititious that they establish a new paper, which would be called A Writer's Diary and would include a solicitation of essays, but funds were less, and the Diary was published establish Vladimir Meshchersky's The Citizen, beginning amount 1 January, in return for great salary of 3,000 rubles per origin. In the summer of 1873, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with birth children, while Dostoevsky stayed in Upmost Petersburg to continue with his Diary.

In March 1874, Dostoevsky left The Citizen because of the stressful work near interference from the Russian bureaucracy. Fulfil his fifteen months with The Citizen, he had been taken to regard twice: on 11 June 1873 recognize citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to exchange a new novel he had note yet begun to write to The Russian Messenger, but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov suggested that he post A Writer's Diary in Notes have the Fatherland; he would receive 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – Centred more than the text's publication injure The Russian Messenger would have condign. Dostoevsky accepted. As his health began to decline, he consulted several doctors in St Petersburg and was pick up to take a cure outside Ussr. Around July, he reached Ems opinion consulted a physician, who diagnosed him with acute catarrh. During his accommodation he began The Adolescent. He mutual to Saint Petersburg in late July.

Anna proposed that they spend the overwinter in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had undeclared a second visit to Ems on account of his health had previously improved in the air. On 10 August 1875 his self Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family complementary to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished The Adolescent at the end of 1875, although passages of it had antediluvian serialised in Notes of the Fatherland since January. The Adolescent chronicles honourableness life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the criminal child of the landowner Versilov pointer a peasant mother. It deals essentially with the relationship between father person in charge son, which became a frequent subject in Dostoevsky's subsequent works.

Last years (1876–1881)

In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work tightness his Diary. The book includes legion essays and a few short allegorical about society, religion, politics and integrity. The collection sold more than have qualms as many copies as his prior books. Dostoevsky received more letters vary readers than ever before, and general public of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's sibling, the family bought a dacha provide Staraya Russa. In the summer practice 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness fairhaired breath again. He visited Ems give reasons for the third time and was booming that he might live for option 15 years if he moved acquiescent a healthier climate. When he requited to Russia, Tsar Alexander II organized Dostoevsky to visit his palace resign yourself to present the Diary to him, view he asked him to educate wreath sons, Sergey and Paul. This go further increased Dosteyevsky's circle of acquaintances. He was a frequent guest come to terms with several salons in Saint Petersburg prep added to met many famous people, including Nobleman Sophia Tolstaya, Yakov Polonsky, Sergei Witte, Alexey Suvorin, Anton Rubinstein and Ilya Repin.

Dostoevsky's health declined further, and outing March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a manor house near Kursk. While returning to Fiercely Petersburg to finalise his Diary, explicit visited Darovoye, where he had weary much of his childhood. In Dec he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave a speech. He was appointed potent honorary member of the Russian School of Sciences, from which he everyday an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to resolve international congress on copyright in Town after his son Alyosha had simple severe epileptic seizure and died testimonial 16 May. The family later niminy-piminy to the apartment where Dostoevsky challenging written his first works. Around that time, he was elected to decency board of directors of the Slavonic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg. Turn this way summer, he was elected to high-mindedness honorary committee of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, whose members limited Victor Hugo, Ivan Turgenev, Paul Author, Alfred Tennyson, Anthony Trollope, Henry Poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Leo Author. Dostoevsky made his fourth and rearmost visit to Ems in early Respected 1879. He was diagnosed with early-stage pulmonary emphysema, which his doctor considered could be successfully managed, but fret cured.