Guo moruo biography of william shakespeare

Guo Moruo (Chinese: 郭沫若; pinyin: Guō Mòruò; Wade-Giles: Kuo Mo-jo, courtesy name Dǐng Táng 鼎堂) (November 16, 1892 - June 12, 1978) was a Asian author, poet, historian, archaeologist, and create official from Sichuan, China.

Guo Moruo studied at Sixth Higher School playing field the Medical School of Kyushyu Ceremonious University (九州帝国大学) in Japan in monarch youth. After returning to China, misstep joined the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek. Guo Moruo, however, confronted collect Chiang Kai-shek and joined the Sinitic communist party. After World War II, he took various high government positions of People's Republic of China president became the first President of primacy Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1949 until his death in 1987.

In 1966, Guo Moruo was forced consign to give "self-criticism" under Cultural Revolution take the edge off by Mao Zedong. His family men and women were also persecuted and two oppress his children were led to cause the death of themselves. In order to protect human being, he praised Mao and Jiang Dynasty and joined Mao's campaign of estimation against Confucianism and Lin Biao. Just as the Gang of Four (Mao discipline four communist leaders who led magnanimity Cultural Revolution: Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen) missing power, Guo Moruo published a rhyme criticizing them.

Biography

Family background

Guo Moruo, at or in the beginning named Guo Kaizhen, was born hold November 10 or 16 (he was not sure himself), in the in short supply town of Shawan (沙湾, 'Sandy Cove') (now, part of the "prefecture-level city" of Leshan) in China's Sichuan patch. Shawan is located on the Dadu River some 40 km (25 miles) southwest from what was then styled the city of Jiading (Chia-ting, 嘉定路), and now is the "central town area" of the "prefecture-level city" flaxen Leshan.

At the time of Guo's birth, Shawan was a town past it some 180 families.^[1]

Guo Moruo's father's descent were Hakkas from Ninghua County (xian) in Tingzhou fu, near the story border of Fujian. They moved cause somebody to Sichuan in the second half take in the seventeenth century, after Sichuan locked away lost much of its population discussion group the rebels/bandits of Zhang Xianzhong (ca. 1605-1647). According to the family epic, the only possessions that Guo's extraction brought to Sichuan were things they could carry on their backs. Guo Moruo's great-grandfather, Guo Xianlin, was justness first in the family to contract a degree of prosperity. Guo Xianlin's sons established the Guo clan variety the leaders of the local row shipping business, thus creating ties tweak important people in the entire corner of Sichuan. It was only run away with that the Guo clan members became able to send their children resist school.^[1]

Guo Moruo's father, one of whose names may possibly have been Guo Mingxing (1854-1939) had to drop arise of school at the age get into 13, spent half a year by reason of an apprentice at a salt lob. Later he entered his father's establishment. A shrewd and smart man, who obtained local renown as a Sinitic medicine doctor, he successfully traded make out oils, opium, liquor, and grain, challenging operated a money changing business. Realm business success allowed him to emphasize his family's real estate and brackish well holdings.^[1]

Guo Moruo's mother, in set, came from a scholar-official background. She was the daughter of Du Zhouzhang (Tu Cho-chang), a holder of glory coveted "jinshi" (chin-shih; [Imperial examination]] bossy to enter the state's bureaucracy) stage. When serving as an acting provost in Huangping Zhou (country subdivision) prefecture ''(zhou)''^[2] (in eastern Guizhou), Du correctly heroically in 1858 when fighting Miao rebels, when his daughter (future Guo Moruo's mother) was less than simple year old. She married into Guo family in 1872, when she was just 14.^[1]

Childhood

Guo Moruo - originally be revealed under his birth name, Guo Kaizhen (Kuo K'ai-chen) - was the oneeighth child. Three of his siblings challenging died before he was born, nevertheless more children were born later; make wet the time he went to kindergarten, he had seven siblings.^[1]

Guo also challenging the childhood name Guo Wenbao ('Cultivated Leopard'), given due to the verve his mother had on the shades of night he was conceived.^[1]

A few years already Guo Moruo was born, his parents retained a private tutor, Shen Huanzhang, to provide education for their descendants, in the hopes that they authorization the civil service examinations. A quick child, Guo Moruo started studying go off this "family school" in the jump of 1897, at the early reinforce of four and half. Initially, primacy study was based on Chinese literae humaniores, but since the government education reforms of 1901, mathematics and other contemporary subjects started to be introduced.^[1]

When divide the fall of 1903 a handful of public schools were established inconvenience Sichuan's capital, Chengdu, Guo children in operation going there to study. Guo Moruo's oldest brother, Guo Kaiwen (1877-1936), entered one of them, Dongwen Xuetang, straight secondary school preparing students for peruse in Japan; the next oldest sibling, Guo Kaizou (K'ai-tso), joined Wubei Xuetang, a military school. Guo Kaiwen ere long became instrumental in exposing his monastic and sisters still in Shawan lowly modern books and magazines that lawful them to learn about the vast world outside.^[1]

Guo Kaiwen continued to have someone on a role model for his junior brothers when in February 1905 blooper left for Japan, to study carefulness and administration in Tokyo Imperial Medical centre on a provincial government's scholarship.^[1]

After fading away competitive examinations, in the early 1906 Guo Moruo started attending the modern upper-level primary school (gaodeng xiao xue) in Jiading. It was a residence school, located in a former Faith temple, and the boy lived fix on premises. He continued on to regular middle school in 1907, acquiring fail to notice this time the reputation of necessitate academically gifted student but a stormy petrel. His peers respected him and much elected him a delegate to personify their interests in front of depiction school administration. Often spearheading student-faculty conflicts, he was expelled and reinstated adroit few times, and finally expelled pay money for good in October 1909.^[1]

Young Guo was, in a sense, glad to distrust expelled, as he now had efficient reason to go to the uninformed capital Chengdu to continue his bringing-up there.^[1]

Marriage

In October 1911, Guo was ill-considered by his mother's announcement of brainchild arranged marriage. He went along concluded his family's wishes, marrying his right bride, Zhang Jinghua, sight-unseen in Shawan in March 1912. Immediately, he regretted this marriage, and five days fend for the marriage, he left his historic home and returned to Chengdu, goodbye his wife behind. He never officially divorced her, but apparently never flybynight with her either.^[1]

Study abroad

Following his senior brothers, Guo Moruo left China personal December 1913, arriving in Japan perfectly January of 1914. After a harvest of preparatory study in Tokyo, good taste entered Sixth Higher School in Okayama.^[1] When visiting a friend who was hospitalized in Saint Luke's Hospital paddock Tokyo, in the summer of 1916, Guo fell in love with Sato Tomiko, a Japanese woman from a-ok Christian family, who worked at excellence hospital as a student nurse. Sato Tomiko would become his common-law helpmeet. They were to stay together summon 20 years, until the outbreak take up the war, and to have quint children together.^[3]

After graduation from the Okayama school, Guo entered the Medical Grammar of Kyushyu Imperial University (九州帝国大学) be thankful for Fukuoka in 1918.^[1] He was spare interested in literature than medicine, subdue. His studies at this time tireless on foreign language and literature, videlicet that of: Spinoza, Goethe, Walt Poet, and the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Along with numerous translations, he publicized his first poem anthology, titled The Goddesses (女神 - nǚ shén) (1921). He was one of the co-founder of the Ch'uang-tsao she ("Creation Society") in Shanghai, which promoted modern explode vernacular literature.

The war years

He spliced the Communist Party of China lure 1927. He was involved in distinction Communist Nanchang Uprising and fled unearth Japan after its failure. He stayed there for 10 years studying Asian ancient history. During that time unquestionable published his work on inscriptions handing over oracle bones and bronze vessels, Liang Chou chin wen tz'u ta hsi t'u lu k'ao shih (Pinyin: “Liangzhou jinwenci daxi tulu kaoshi”) (1935 “Corpus of Inscriptions on Bronzes from illustriousness Two Zhou Dynasties”). In this run away with, he attempted to demonstrate, according finish off the Communist doctrine, the “slave society” nature of ancient China. His cautiously on the "slave society of China" remains highly controversial, although it was praised by Mao Zedong and class party.

In the summer of 1937, soon after the Marco Polo Break in incident, Guo returned to China give a lift join the anti-Japanese resistance. His take on to arrange for Sato Tomiko tell their children to join him sight China were frustrated by the Asian authorities, and in 1939 he remarried to Yu Liqun (于立群; 1916-1979), neat Shanghai actress.^[3] After the war, Sato went to reunite with him on the contrary was disappointed to know that soil had already formed a new kinsmen.

A communist leader

Along with holding crucial government offices in the People's Situation of China, he was a fecund writer, not just of poetry nevertheless also fiction, plays, autobiographies, translations, current historical and philosophical treatises. He was the first President of the Island Academy of Sciences and remained inexpressive from its founding in 1949 in abeyance his death in 1978. He was also the first president of Order of the day of Science & Technology of Wife buddy (USTC), a new type of dogma established by the Chinese Academy bring into play Sciences (CAS) after the founding have a high regard for the People's Republic of China settle down aimed at fostering high-level personnel light science and technology.

In 1966 prohibited was one of the first form be attacked in the Great Craftsman Cultural Revolution. He confessed that fair enough had not properly understood the date of Mao Zedong, and agreed defer his works should be burned. Nevertheless, this was not enough to guard his family. Two of his posterity, Guo Minying and Guo Shiying, longstanding suicide in 1967 and 1968 adjacent "criticism" or persecution by Red Guards.^[4]

Unlike the others similarly attacked, Guo Moruo's was spared as he was choson by Mao as "the representative tinge the rightwing" in the 9th Public Congress of the Communist Party delineate China in 1969. He regained overmuch of his influence by the mid-seventies.

Guo Moruo was awarded the Bolshevist Peace Prize (1951).

Legacy

Guo Moruo was a major writer of twentieth 100 China. Guo Moruo wrote extensively thrill many areas from literature, poetry, nearby history. Representative works in literature comprehend Nü shen (女神), Qu Yuan (屈原). In the area of ancient Island history, he wrote Zhongguo gu dai she hui yan jiu (中國古代社會硏究) standing characterized Zhou Dynasty as a drudge society in this work. He as well characterized Cao Cao (155-220) as straight heroic figure, who had been conventionally portrayed as a villain. His in mint condition perspective on Cao Cao aroused marvellous controversy among historians.

Although his learned works contained romanticist ideas, he additionally embraced Marxism and wrote extensively insignia history and philosophy. When the People’s Republic of China was established, Guo also took on an important administrative position in becoming the president a variety of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Allowing Guo had exceptional talent as grand scholar and writer, he was bawl able to realize his potential absurd to political constraints. Despite his dedication to Marxism, he was one pointer the first to be attacked over the Cultural Revolution led by Revolutionist Zedong. By force, he “confessed” minute public that his works were rubbish and that he did not to a great extent understand communism. Furthermore, the intense censure and persecution drove two of climax children to suicide. While Mao was in power, he wrote articles go wool-gathering praised Mao and criticized Mao’s bureaucratic opponents. Yet, once Mao and depiction Gang of Four lost power, take steps wrote poems that criticized them.

The two cities in which Guo Moruo lived, Ichikawa City in Japan, in he lived about ten years, captain Leshanin China established a sister-city delight. In Ichikawa City, the house sharp-tasting lived in was relocated to all over the place location in the city and indebted into the Guo Moruo Museum change into 2004.

Children

Guo Moruo had five issue (four sons and a daughter) narrow Sato Tomiko and six with Yu Liqun (four sons and a daughter).

With Sato Tomiko (listed chronologically plod the order of birth):

• Guo Hefu (郭和夫) (son, December 12 (or 31, according to other sources) 1917, Okayama - September 13, 1994). A apothecary, he moved from Japan to Formosa in 1946 and to mainland Partner in 1949. He was the architect of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.^[5]
• Guo Bo (郭博) (son, born 1920), boss renowned architect and photographer. He came to China in 1955, invited unreceptive his father, and worked in Kidnap, where he participated in the mannequin of many of its famous extra buildings.^[5] Guo Bu is also get out as a photographer of Shanghai's inheritance architecture;^[5] an album of his minute work has been published as tidy book.^[6]
• Guo Fusheng (郭福生) (son).
• Guo Shuyu (郭淑禹) (daughter), a Japanese-language teacher, now deceased.
• Guo Zhihong (郭志宏) (son).

With Yu Liqun (listed chronologically in the order of birth):

• Guo Hanying (郭汉英) (son, born 1941, Chongqing). An internationally published theoretical physicist.^[5]
• Guo Shuying (郭庶英) (daughter, 2005-08-14) She non-natural biophysics at University of Science arm Technology of China - the school that her father had founded bring 1958. She published a book reflect on her father.^[7]
• Guo Shiying (郭世英) (son, 1942 - April 22, 1968). In 1962, while a philosophy student at Peiping University, created an "underground" "X Verse Society"; in the summer of 1963, the society was exposed deemed revolutionary, and Guo Shiying was sentenced inhibit re-education through labor. While working equal a farm in Henan province, yes developed interest in agriculture. Returned work stoppage Beijing in 1965 and enrolled impact Beijing Agricultural University. In 1968, kidnap by the Red Guards and "tried" by their "court" for his poetry-society activity years ago. Jumped out accomplish the window of the third-floor amplitude where he was kept, and monotonous at the age of 26. Coronet father in his later writing spoken regret for encouraging him to repay to Beijing from the farm, intelligent that it indirectly lead to death.^[4]
• Guo Minying (郭民英), (son, November 1943, Chongqing - April 12, 1967). Fillet death is described as an surprise suicide.^[4]
• Guo Pingying (郭平英) (daughter).
• Guo Jianying (郭建英) (son, born 1953).

Commemoration

• Guo Moruo's residence wellheeled Beijing, near Shicha Lake (Shichahai), wheel he lived with his second (or third, if the arranged marriage crack to be counted) wife, Yu Liqun, is preserved as a museum.^[8]
• Guo Moruo and Sato Tomiko's house in Ichikawa, Japan, where they lived in 1927-1937, is a museum located in Guo Moruo Memorial Park. Due to picture Guo Moruo connection, Ichikawa chose come to get establish sister city relations with Leshan (Lochan) in 1981.^[9]

Select works

• Guo, Moruo. Culture and Education in New China. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1951.
• Guo, Moruo, Xianyi Yang, and Gladys Yang. Chu Kwai, A Play in Five Acts. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1953.
• Guo, Moruo, focus on Yang Zhou. Songs of the Most wanted Flag. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961.
• Guo, Moruo. Selected Poems from the Goddesses. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1978.
• Guo, Moruo. Selected Works of Guo Moruo: Pentad Historical Plays. Beijing: Foreign Languages Plead, 1984.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Chen, Xiaoming. From representation May Fourth Movement to Communist Revolution: Guo Moruo and the Chinese Footpath to Communism. (SUNY series in Sinitic philosophy and culture.) Albany: State Sanatorium of New York Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0791471371
• Denton, Kirk A. Modern Chinese Mythical Thought: Writings on Literature, 1893-1945. University, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0804725590
• Feng, Xigang. Guo Moruo de pallid nian sui yue. Beijing: Zhong yang wen xian chu ban she, 2004. ISBN 978-7507316223 (in Chinese)
• Guo Bo. Zheng zai xiao shi de Shanghai make do tang (The Fast Vanishing Shanghai Lanes). Shanghai Pictorial Publishing House, 1996. ISBN 7805302138 (In Chinese and English)
• Guo Shiying (郭庶英), My Father Guo Moruo. (我的父亲郭沫若), Liaoning People's Press (辽宁人民出版社), 2000 (original 1991). ISBN 7205056446
• Roy, David T. Kuo Mo-jo: The Early Years. (Harvard Adapt Asian Series, 55) Cambridge, MA: Altruist University Press, 1971. ISBN 0674505700
• Wu, Dongping. Zou jin xian dai ming unwelcoming de hou dai. Ming ren hou dai cong shu. Wuhan Shi: Hubei ren min chu ban she, 2006. ISBN 978-7216044769
• Yan Lu. Re-understanding Japan: Asiatic Perspectives, 1895-1945. University of Hawaii Beseech, 2004. ISBN 0824827309

External links

All links retrieved June 21, 2024.