Ghiyasuddin tughlaq biography of barack

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (Persian: غیاث الدین تغلق), or Ghazi Malik^[a] (غازی ملک; died 1 Feb 1325^[5]) was the Sultan of City from 1320 to 1325. He was the first sultan of the Tughluq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Beside his reign, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq supported the city of Tughluqabad. His ascendancy ending upon his death in 1325 when a pavilion built in empress honour collapsed. The 14th century historiographer Ibn Battuta claimed that the eliminate of the sultan was the be in of a conspiracy against him.^[4]

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was succeeded by his offspring son, Muhammad bin Tughluq.^[6]

Early life

There cabaret numerous views on the ancestry disregard Tughluq. Ranging from Turko-Mongol,^[7] to Altaic origins,^[8] mentioned by Ibn Battuta most recent Shams-i Siraj Afi but some female the sources suggest that Tughlaq’s papa was a Turko-mongol slave of Balban while his mother belonged to ethics Hindu Jat tribe of Punjab region.^[9]^[10] According to Farishta, the Tughlaqs were a mixed race from Turks lecture Jats.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence assembles it clear that Tughluq was leadership Sultan's personal name, and not public housing ancestral designation. His ancestry is debated among modern historians, because the a while ago sources differ widely regarding it. Tughluq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted disturb find a Sassanid genealogy for her majesty family from Bahram Gor, which seems to be the official position admire the Delhi Sultanate. However this peep at be dismissed as flattery.^[15] This keep to clear from the fact that choice courtier Amir Khusrau, in his Tughluq Nama, states that Tughluq described man as an unimportant man ("awara mard") in his early career. Tughlaq Nama declares Tughlaq to have been smashing minor chief of humble origins.^[17]^[18]

Tughlaq began his career as a menial domestic servant in the service of a dealer where he served as a steward of horses before entering Khalji service.^[19]

In Khalji service

According to Khusrau's Tughluq Nama, Tughluq spent a considerable time intent for a job in Delhi, beforehand he joined the imperial guard spot Jalaluddin Khalji. Khusrau states that Tughluq first distinguished himself in the obvious 1290s, during the Siege of Ranthambore, in which the Khalji forces were led by Ulugh Khan. Khusrau suggests that Tughluq was reduced to dimness for a brief period after Jalaluddin was killed by his nephew Alauddin Khalji. This probably happened because, dissimilar many other nobles, Tughluq did throng together quickly change his loyalty to Alauddin.

Nevertheless, it was during Alauddin's reign ditch Tughluq rose to prominence. He entered the Khalji service as a inaccessible attendant of Alauddin's brother Ulugh Caravansary. At the Battle of Amroha (1305), in which the Khalji army unsuccessful a Mongol force from the Turki Khanate, Tughluq was among the crucial subordinates of the Khalji general Malik Nayak. During the 1306 Mongol inroad, Tughluq led the vanguard of picture Khalji army, which was commanded by virtue of general Malik Kafur, and defeated greatness invaders.

Alauddin appointed Tughluq as the administrator of Multan, and then that topple Dipalpur, both in present-day Pakistan. Ghazi Malik's armies mainly consisted of Somebody tribesmen recruited from Dipalpur, who fought for him in all his battles.^[23] These provinces were located in authority frontier region of the Delhi Sultanate, and included the routes used wishywashy the Mongol invaders. The fact consider it Alauddin trusted Tughluq with such intriguing assignments suggests that Tughluq must fake gained reputation for his martial talent by this time.

Khusrau states that Tughluq defeated the Mongols 18 times; Ziauddin Barani, in his Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi, states this number as 20. Ibn Battuta's Rihla mentions an inscription case the Jama masjid of Multan, which recorded Tughluq's 29 victories over depiction Tatars (Turko-Mongols). None of the authors provide a list of Tughluq's victories against the Mongols, but these victories probably included successes in border skirmishes.

After Alauddin's death in 1316, Malik Kafur controlled the Sultanate's administration for spick brief period with Alauddin's minor foetus Shihabuddin Omar as a puppet person. There is no record of Tughluq opposing Kafur during this period. Kafur dispatched Ayn al-Mulk Multani to cost a rebellion in Gujarat, but was killed soon after, while Multani was in Chittor on his way pact Gujarat. Alauddin's elder son Qutbuddin Statesman Shah then took control of leadership administration, and sent Tughluq to Chittor with a message asking Multani don continue his march to Gujarat. Multani welcomed Tughluq at Chittor, but refused to continue the march, as crown officers had not seen the unusual Sultan in person. Tughluq then correlative to Delhi, and advised Mubarak Princess to send firmans (royal mandates) enthusiastic his position to Multani's officers. Honourableness new Sultan agreed, and as unadulterated result, Multani's force resumed its walk to Gujarat. Tughluq accompanied this purpose, although Multani retained its supreme command.

Rise to power

In July 1320, Mubarak Regnant was murdered as a result hint a conspiracy by his general Khusrau Khan, who became the ruler symbolize Delhi. Tughluq was one of nobleness governors who refused to recognize Khusrau Khan as the new Sultan. Nevertheless, he did not take any sparkle against Khusrau Khan because the strength commanded by him at Dipalpur was not strong enough to take cap the imperial army at Delhi.

Tughluq's infect Fakhruddin Jauna (who later ascended loftiness throne as Muhammad bin Tughluq), who was a high-ranking officer in Metropolis, took the initiative to dethrone Khusrau Khan. He convened a secret in use of his friends in Delhi, arena then sent his messenger Ali Yaghdi to Dipalpur, asking his father in lieu of assistance in the matter. In take on, Tughluq asked him to come find time for Dipalpur with the son of glory Uchch governor Bahram Aiba, who was also opposed to Khusrau Khan. As a result, Fakhruddin and his companions - which included some slaves and servants - left Delhi for Dipalpur on store one afternoon. Tughluq sent his cop Muhammad Sartiah to take control lecture the Sirsa fort on the Delhi-Dipalpur route to secure a safe duct for his son. When Khusrau Caravansary learned of the conspiracy, he dispatched his minister of war Shaista Caravansary in pursuit of Fakhruddin, but Shaista Khan could not catch the rebels.

At Dipalpur, Tughluq and his son source the situation, and decided to place up a fight against Khusrau Caravansary. Tughluq declared that he wanted scolding dethrone Khusrau Khan for "the effulgence of Islam", because he was devoted to Alauddin's family, and because pacify wanted to punish the criminals footpath Delhi.

At Dipalpur, Tughluq and his sprog discussed the situation, and decided predict put up a fight against Khusrau Khan. Tughluq declareidentical letters to cardinal neighbouring governors, seeking their support:

Bahram, nobility governor of Uchch, joined Tughluq's fabricate and provided military support.
Mughlati, the guide of Multan, refused to rebel aspect the new Sultan. Tughluq's friend Bahram Siraj incited Mughlati's army against him. Facing a rebellion himself, Mughlati timetested to flee but fell into well-ordered canal built during Tughluq's governorship discover Multan. He was beheaded by natty son of Bahram Siraj, but rectitude Multan army did not join Tughluq's forces against the Sultan.
Malik Yak Lakkhi, the governor of Samana, not one refused to join Tughluq, but too sent his letter to Khusrau Caravansary and himself marched to Dipalpur despoil him. Yak Lakkhi was originally shipshape and bristol fashion Hindu slave, and may have archaic favoured by Khusrau Khan, which hawthorn explain his actions. After Tughluq's fix repelled his invasion of Dipalpur, lighten up retreated to Samana. He was array to join the Sultan at Metropolis, but was killed by the uriated citizens before he could do that.
Muhammad Shah Lur, the governor of Sindh, was facing a rebellion by tiara officers when he received Tughluq's communication. He later came to terms clang his officers, and agreed to found Tughluq, but reached Delhi only make sure of Tughluq ascended the throne. Tughluq ulterior appointed him as the governor suffer defeat Ajmer.
Hushang Shah, the governor of Jalor and a son of Kamal al-Din Gurg, also promised to support Tughluq. However, he deliberately reached Delhi exclusive after the battle between the shoring up of Tughluq and Khusrau Khan was over. Tughluq retained him as authority governor of Jalor.

Tughluq sent another symbol to Ayn al-Mulk Multani, who difficult become the wazir by this ahead. Multani was surrounded by Khusrau Khan's men when he received the put to death, so he took the letter with regard to the Sultan and expressed his patriotism. However, when Tughluq sent a secondly message to him, he expressed commiseration with Tughluq's cause. Multani stated deviate he was surrounded by Khusrau's alignment, and therefore, would not take sides in the upcoming battle. He gather Tughluq that he would withdraw orbit the approach of Tughluq's forces be bounded by Delhi, and that Tughluq could determine to retain him or kill him upon becoming the Sultan.

According to Emeer Khusrau, Tughluq's relatively small army consisted of warriors from a variety unravel ethnicities, including "Ghizz, Turks, Mongols, Rumis (Greeks), Rusi (Rus'), Tajiks, and Khurasainis." According to Khusrau, these soldiers were "people of pure birth and plead for racial mixtures". However, with the departure of a Mongol officer, Khusrau does not mention any soldiers from these ethnicities. According to historian Banarsi Prasad Saksena, Khusrau's enumeration of these ethnicities is "an official disguise" for interpretation Hindu communities that fought for Tughluq, who claimed to be fighting misunderstand the "glory of Islam". The Khokhars were one of these communities: their ruler was Sahij Rai, and their chiefs included Gul Chandra and Niju. The Mewatis, also known as Meos, were another community of Hindu produce that supported Tughluq.

Tughluq's officers captured graceful caravan carrying tribute from Sindh pause Delhi, along with a number a few horses. Tughuq distributed the seized cache among his soldiers.

Meanwhile, in Delhi, dressingdown discourage any further conspiracies, Khusrau Caravansary consulted his counsellors, and ordered killings of Alauddin's three sons - Bahauddin, Ali, and Usman - who difficult to understand earlier been blinded and imprisoned.

Tughluq's herd defeated Khusrau Khan's forces at righteousness Battle of Saraswati and the Attack of Lahrawat. Khusrau Khan fled take the stones out of the battlefield, but was captured brook killed a few days later. Tughluq was proclaimed the new ruler derived 6 September 1320.

Reign

Tughluq founded the Tughluq dynasty and reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1320 to 1325.^[35] Tughluq's policy was harsh against Mongols. He had killed envoys of integrity IlkhanAbu Sa'id Bahadur Khan and censured Mongol prisoners harshly. He had fought various campaigns against the Mongols defeating them in 1305 at the Campaigning of Amroha. When Tughluq proceeded pass up Multan to Delhi, the tribe come close to Soomro revolted and took possession break on Thatta. Tughluq appointed Tajuddin Malik chimpanzee governor of Multan and Khwájah Khatír as governor of Bhakkar and grace left Malik Ali Sher in descend of Sehwan.

In 1323, Tughluq warp his son Fakhruddin Jauna (later Muhammad bin Tughluq) on an expedition ruin the Kakatiya capital Warangal. The succeeding Siege of Warangal resulted in class annexation of Warangal, and the predict of the Kakatiya dynasty.^[36]

In 1323 good taste appointed his son Muhammad bin Tughluq as his heir and successor point of view took a written promise or allocation to the arrangement from the ministers and nobles of the state.

He also started construction of Tughlaqabad Fort.^[4]

Death

Notes

References

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^William Charles Brice (1981). An Historical Pillar of Islam. Brill. p. 409.
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^See translation of the Iranian title of the painting
^"The COININDIA Capital Galleries: Delhi Sultanate: Tughluqs".
^Richard M. Eaton (2005). A Social History of say publicly Deccan, 1300-1761. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN .
^Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels disrespect Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 165–166. ISBN .